First clutch: Eggs laid every 24–48 hours; total 4–8 eggs over 3–7 days. Incubation ~18 days.
Subsequent clutches: Female typically begins next clutch ~25 days after first hatch (about a week after chicks fledge). She may produce 2–3 clutches per year (up to 5 in optimal conditions).
Key factors: nutrition, daylight length, nest box availability, pair compatibility. Overbreeding depletes calcium; provide cuttlebone and rest periods.