Delhi (NCT) faces a rare convergence of natural and anthropogenic hazards:
| Hazard | Mechanism | Season | Severity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Earthquakes | Seismic Zone IV (MSK VIII); Himalayan thrust proximity | Year-round | Moderate–high (M6+ possible) |
| Floods | Yamuna + tributaries (Sahibi, Najafgarh drain); urban drainage failure | Monsoon (Jul–Sep) | Recurrent; 2023 severe |
| Heatwaves | Continental 40–48°C; UHI + humidity = lethal wet-bulb | Pre-monsoon (Apr–Jun) | Increasing frequency/duration |
| Storms | Dust storms (Andhi), thunderstorms, squall lines | Pre-monsoon (Mar–May) | Property damage, transport disruption |
| Air Pollution | PM2.5 150–500+ µg/m³; stubble burning + inversion + traffic + industry | Post-monsoon (Oct–Jan) | Chronic; #1 globally (IQAir) |