In the sentence "The Nigerian government had used money from oil exports to develop industry," the prepositional phrase "from oil exports" functions as an adjective (adjectival phrase).
An adverbial phrase would modify the verb ("had used"), answering how, when, where, why. Here, the phrase doesn't describe the manner of using; it identifies the money's source.
Subject: The Nigerian government Verb phrase: had used Direct object: money [modified by "from oil exports"] Adverbial phrase (purpose): to develop industry
Thus, "from oil exports" is a post-nominal adjectival prepositional phrase.