1519-1522: Ferdinand Magellan's expedition circumnavigates the globe.
1521: Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes defeats the Aztecs and conquers Mexico.
1531: Francisco Pizarro defeats the Incas and conquers Peru.
1543: Nicolaus Copernicus publishes his book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres," proposing a heliocentric model of the solar system.
1571: The Battle of Lepanto: A Christian coalition led by Spain defeats the Ottoman Empire, halting Ottoman expansion into Europe.
1618-1648: The Thirty Years' War devastates much of Europe.
1687: Isaac Newton publishes his book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy," laying the foundation for classical mechanics.
1707: The Act of Union unites England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain.
1776: The United States of America declares independence from Great Britain.
1789: The French Revolution begins.
1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France.
1812: The War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain ends in a stalemate.
1815: Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, leading to his exile to Saint Helena.
1848: A wave of revolutions sweeps across Europe, but most are ultimately unsuccessful.
1861-1865: The American Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy ends with the victory of the Union.
1870: The Franco-Prussian War ends with the victory of Prussia, leading to the unification of Germany.
1901: Queen Victoria dies, and her son Edward VII becomes king of Great Britain.
1914-1918: World War I, a global conflict that results in the deaths of millions of people.
1917: The Russian Revolution begins, leading to the overthrow of the czar and the establishment of the Soviet Union.
1929: The Great Depression begins in the United States, sending shockwaves throughout the world.
1939-1945: World War II, an even more devastating global conflict than World War I.
1945: The United Nations is established in San Francisco, California, to promote peace and cooperation between nations.
1949: The People's Republic of China is established by Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China.
1956: The Suez Crisis, a conflict between Egypt and a coalition of British, French, and Israeli forces over control of the Suez Canal.