Ancient Period:
- The Kingdom of Aksum (Axum) faced conflicts with neighboring kingdoms and empires, including the Kingdom of Meroe.
Medieval Period:
- Egypt: The Fatimid Caliphate and later the Mamluk Sultanate, based in Egypt, had conflicts with Ethiopia.
- Adal Sultanate: A Muslim state in the Horn of Africa that waged war against Ethiopia, notably during the 16th century.
Modern Period:
- Italy: The Italian invasion and occupation of Ethiopia in 1935-1941 resulted in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
- Somalia: Ethiopia and Somalia had a long-standing territorial dispute over the Ogaden region, leading to armed conflicts in the 1970s and 1980s.
- Eritrea: Eritrea and Ethiopia fought a war for independence from 1961 to 1991, which resulted in Eritrea gaining independence.
- Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF): The TPLF was an armed group that fought against the Ethiopian government during the Ethiopian Civil War (1974-1991) and later became a regional political force in the Tigray region.
These are some examples of historical enemies of Ethiopia, but it's important to note that conflicts and alliances have shifted over time, and Ethiopia has also had cooperative relations with many other countries and entities throughout its history.