| Feature | Savanna | Desert |
|---|---|---|
| Climate | Seasonal: distinct wet/dry seasons. 500–1500 mm rain/yr. | Arid: <250 mm rain/yr. Extreme drought. |
| Vegetation | Continuous grass layer + scattered trees (acacia, baobab). Fire-adapted. | Sparse: xerophytes (cacti, succulents, shrubs). Bare ground dominant. |
| Animals | Migratory grazers (wildebeest, zebra), browsers (giraffe), predators (lion, cheetah). High biomass. | Specialists: camels, reptiles, rodents, insects. Low density, nocturnal. |
| Soil | Fertile (wet-season decomposition), lateritic. | Sandy/rocky, low organic matter, saline/alkaline. |
| Human Use | Pastoralism, farming, hunting, tourism. Dense populations. | Nomadic herding, oasis agriculture, mining, tourism. Sparse population. |
Savannas are transitional (forest ↔ desert); deserts are aridity extremes. Both are fragile, but savannas support far higher productivity and human density.