Andry Rajoelina’s Path to Madagascar’s Presidency: Crisis, Transition, Election
- 2009: As Antananarivo mayor, led protests against President Ravalomanana; military backed him; Ravalomanana resigned; Rajoelina became transitional president.
- 2009–2013: Turbulent interim—polarization, international pressure, delayed elections.
- 2013: Won presidential runoff; Constitutional Court certified despite fraud allegations.
- Presidency: Infrastructure push, but criticism over governance, corruption, and authoritarian tendencies persists.
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