Most Vietnamese lived in villages, cultivating rice with simple tools like hoes, plows, and water buffalo. Corn, sweet potatoes, and vegetables supplemented the diet.
Cities were trade hubs. Wealthy residents enjoyed fine homes, clothing, education, and entertainment; the poor worked in factories or as servants.
Society was stratified: emperor and nobility at top, merchants/artisans/scholars in the middle, farmers and laborers at the bottom.
Extended, multigenerational households headed by the eldest male. Women managed childcare and domestic duties.
Buddhism dominated, introduced from India in the 1st century AD. Confucianism, Taoism, and Christianity also had followers.
Vietnamese culture blends Chinese, Indian, and French influences. Signature dishes—phở, bánh mì, spring rolls—feature fresh herbs and spices.
Football, basketball, volleyball, and martial arts (Vovinam, Taekwondo) are popular. Key festivals: Tết (Lunar New Year), Mid‑Autumn Festival, Hungry Ghost Festival.