The Ottoman Turks had conquered Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, in 1453, and they controlled the land routes to Asia. This made it difficult for European merchants to trade with Asia, and they were forced to pay high prices for Asian goods.
As a result, European explorers began looking for sea routes to Asia in order to bypass the Ottoman Turks and gain direct access to the East. This led to the Age of Exploration, which began in the 15th century and lasted until the 17th century.