Arctic Environmental Factors

• Temperature – avg below freezing; winter ‑50 °C, summer up to 10 °C.
• Precipitation – <25 cm/yr, mostly snow.
• Sunlight – polar night weeks‑long; midnight sun in summer.
• Wind – up to 100 km/h.
• Sea Ice – covers Arctic Ocean most of year, meters thick.
• Permafrost – ground frozen ≥2 years.

These factors shape Arctic ecosystems and human activity.