Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China (221 BC), implemented sweeping measures to consolidate power:
Abolished feudalism; divided the empire into commanderies and counties governed by appointed officials.
Unified the legal code; introduced harsh punishments to enforce order.
Standardized weights, measures, currency, and writing script; built roads and canals to boost transport and trade.
Initiated linking existing walls into a massive northern fortification against nomadic incursions.
Eliminated rival states and noble families; ordered the burning of dissenting texts and execution of scholars.
Promoted Legalism; censored dissenting thought and controlled historical records.
Constructed a vast funerary complex with thousands of life‑size clay soldiers.
Ordered canals connecting the Yangtze and Yellow River basins.
Reduced taxes, subsidized agriculture, standardized taxation and currency.
Restricted access to texts; manipulated historical narratives to legitimize his rule.
Though often brutal, these policies laid the foundation for a centralized Chinese state that endured for centuries.