What Are the Advantages of Importing Water from Johor to Singapore?

**Premise correction:** Singapore has **never imported water from Johor** to meet its needs. The two nations have **water agreements** (1961, 1962) where Singapore **draws raw water from Johor rivers** (Skirtai, Johor River) and **returns treated water**—but this is **not "importing" in the commercial sense**.

Singapore's "Four National Taps" strategy:

1. Local catchment (17 reservoirs, 2/3 land area)
2. Imported water (Johor agreements—expiring 2061)
3. NEWater (ultra-purified reclaimed water—40% of demand)
4. Desalination (5 plants—30% of demand, growing)

Goal: Water sovereignty. By 2061, Singapore aims to be fully self-sufficient via NEWater + desalination + catchment.

The Johor agreements are **strategic treaties**, not commercial imports—priced at 3 sen/1,000 gallons (raw), 50 sen/1,000 gallons (treated return), far below market.