- Mountainous regions: cover large parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Much of this land is used for grazing livestock and agriculture in valleys.
- Deserts: the region is home to several deserts, including the Arabian, Syrian, and Lut Deserts. These areas are sparsely populated and mostly used for nomadic herding and oil and gas extraction.
- Coastal areas: the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts of Turkey and Egypt have historically been centers of agriculture, trade, and tourism.
- Plains: the fertile Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Nile River Valley (Egypt) are densely populated and intensively cultivated.
- Urban areas: the largest urban centers in the region are Istanbul (15.5 million), Tehran (8.8 million), Baghdad (6.6 million), and Cairo (12.8 million).