How is most of the work on rice farms in Southeast Asia accomplished?

In Southeast Asia, rice farming is still largely dependent on manual labour and traditional farming techniques. Though mechanisation has been introduced in some areas, many smallholder farmers still rely on manual labour to cultivate rice. Activities such as planting, weeding, harvesting, and threshing are mostly carried out by hand, using simple tools like sickles and hoes. However, some of the larger-scale rice farms in the region do employ machines for ploughing and irrigation.