- Increased trade between China and other countries, stimulating the Chinese economy.
- Introduced new technologies and goods to China, leading to improvements in living standards.
- Facilitated cultural exchange between China and other countries, leading to a greater understanding of different cultures.
- Strengthened China's defense against invasions, protecting the country and its people.
Negative effects:
- Increased competition for resources between China and other countries, leading to conflict.
- Spread of diseases from other countries to China, causing widespread illness and death.
- Destruction of natural habitats and resources due to the construction and maintenance of the Great Wall, leading to environmental degradation.
- Displacement of people due to the construction of the Great Wall, leading to social and economic disruption.