- Disease: Cook's arrival in Australia brought with it several European diseases, including smallpox and measles, which had a devastating impact on the indigenous population.
- Livestock: Cook introduced several species of livestock to Australia, including cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses.
- Plants: Cook also introduced a number of plants to Australia, including wheat, maize, and potatoes.
- Tools and technology: Cook brought a variety of tools and technology with him, including guns, metalworking tools, and sailing equipment.
- Knowledge: Cook's arrival in Australia brought with it a wealth of knowledge about the world, including geography, astronomy, and navigation.