Mining can degrade air (dust, heavy metals, SO₂), water (heavy metals, chemicals, sediments), and land (deforestation, erosion, sinkholes).
Large land requirements often displace Indigenous communities, causing cultural, social, and economic loss.
Mining generates significant revenue, jobs (engineering, geology, operations, support), and infrastructure (roads, rail, ports). It contributes heavily to government coffers via taxes and royalties.
The decision requires balancing economic gains against environmental and social costs, ensuring resource extraction coexists with ecological protection and Indigenous rights.