Australia is a federation of six states and two mainland territories. Each state has its own constitution, parliament, governor, and premier, with significant legislative powers. Here are the six states and their capitals:
| State | Capital City | Population (2023 est.) | Key Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| New South Wales (NSW) | Sydney | 5.5M | Largest economy; Sydney Harbour, Opera House, Blue Mountains. |
| Victoria (VIC) | Melbourne | 5.2M | Culture/sports capital; laneways, coffee, AFL, Great Ocean Road. |
| Queensland (QLD) | Brisbane | 2.6M | Sunshine State; Gold Coast, Great Barrier Reef, tropics. |
| Western Australia (WA) | Perth | 2.3M | Largest state (1/3 continent); mining, beaches, isolation. |
| South Australia (SA) | Adelaide | 1.4M | Festival State; wine (Barossa), arts, defense industry. |
| Tasmania (TAS) | Hobart | 0.55M | Island state; wilderness, convict history, food, MONA. |
States retain plenary legislative power (except exclusive federal heads: defense, foreign affairs, trade, immigration, etc.). Territories derive powers from federal delegation. The High Court of Australia arbitrates federal-state disputes.