What is Australian smocking?

Australian smocking: an all-in-one form of smoking which is based on a combination of smoking and smocking stitches worked side by side in alternating rows.

For example, in a given area, three groups of three gathering threads may run vertically on the fabric. Every fifth thread horizontally will carry a row of smocking. These will alternate with four rows of smocking stitches.

It can also mean to gather fabric with elastic thread by drawing the bobbin thread in the bobbin case up tightly with a long stitch length.