Joseph Howe: Father of Confederation, Not Opponent

Correcting the Record

Joseph Howe (1804–1873) was NOT opposed to Nova Scotia joining Confederation. He was a Father of Confederation and a passionate advocate for the union of British North America.

Howe's Pro-Confederation Role

• 1864 Charlottetown Conference: Led Nova Scotia delegation; championed maritime union expanding to full federation.
• 1864 Quebec Conference: Key negotiator; signed Quebec Resolutions (72 Resolutions) – blueprint for BNA Act.
• Arguments: Union would bring railway (Intercolonial), market access, defense, and political stability. Famous "Botheration" speech (1865) mocked anti-Confederation fears.
• 1866 London Conference: Finalized terms; ensured Nova Scotia's financial terms (debt allowance, subsidy).

Why the Misconception?

• Anti-Confederation Movement: Strong in NS (led by William Annand, Alfred Jones). Won 1867 election (18/19 federal seats, 36/38 provincial).
• Howe's Pragmatism: After 1867 loss, he negotiated "better terms" (1869) with Macdonald—then joined Cabinet as President of Council (1869), Secretary of State for Provinces (1873). Critics called it betrayal.
• Later Critique: He demanded fair treatment within Confederation, not withdrawal. "I am a Canadian" (1873).

Legacy

• Premier of NS (3x): 1860–63, 1873 (brief).
• Journalist/Orator: Novascotian newspaper; libel trial (1835) = press freedom landmark.
• Federal MP/Senator: Served Ottawa until death.
• National Historic Person: Parks Canada.

Howe believed Nova Scotia's future lay in a strong, united Canada—and fought to make it so.