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Shallow Tunnel:
A shallow tunnel is typically constructed at a relatively shallow depth beneath the ground surface. It is usually located within the upper soil layers or near the surface. The depth of a shallow tunnel may vary depending on the specific project requirements and geological conditions, but it is generally considered shallow if it is constructed within the first 20-30 meters (65-98 feet) below the ground level. Shallow tunnels are often used for various urban infrastructure projects, such as underground metro lines, utility corridors, and pedestrian subways. They are constructed using various methods, including cut-and-cover, jacking pipes, and microtunneling.
Deep Tunnel:
In comparison, a deep tunnel is constructed at a significant depth below the ground surface, usually extending beyond the upper soil layers. Deep tunnels are typically located deeper than 20-30 meters (65-98 feet) below the ground level. They are often used for projects requiring substantial depth or where surface disruption needs to be minimized, such as long-distance transportation tunnels (e.g., highway or railway tunnels), deep drainage tunnels, and storage facilities. The construction of deep tunnels involves specialized techniques, such as tunnel boring machines (TBMs), which can excavate the tunnel while simultaneously installing the tunnel lining.
The primary difference between shallow and deep tunnels lies in their depth below the ground surface and the associated construction methods and challenges. While shallow tunnels are typically less complex to construct and are often utilized for urban infrastructure projects, deep tunnels require more advanced engineering and construction expertise and are often associated with larger-scale projects that demand significant depth or minimal disruption to the surface environment.