Became U.S. territory (1898); U.S. citizenship granted 1917; status debates continue (statehood, independence, commonwealth).
Shift from agriculture to manufacturing/tourism; Operation Bootstrap (1940s) spurred industrialization and urbanization.
English became second official language; hybrid Hispanic-American culture emerged.
Healthcare, education, living standards improved; women's suffrage achieved.
Nationalist Party advocated independence; 1950s uprisings; ongoing referendums.
Large diaspora to U.S. mainland (NY, Chicago, Philadelphia) for economic opportunity.
Economic crisis, 2017 hurricanes; status debate continues.