Deserts cover ~1/3 of Earth's land. Five giants:
| Desert | Location | Area | Key Countries | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sahara | North Africa | 9.2M km² | Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia | Subtropical hot |
| Arabian | Middle East (Arabian Peninsula) | 2.3M km² | Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai) | Subtropical hot |
| Gobi | Central Asia (Mongolia/China) | 1.3M km² | Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia, Gansu) | Cold winter |
| Kalahari | Southern Africa | 900K km² | Botswana, Namibia, South Africa | Semi-arid savanna |
| Atacama | South America (Chile/Peru) | 105K km² | Chile (mainly), Peru (south) | Coastal hyper-arid |
Each desert is a unique theater of adaptation — defined not by heat, but by aridity (precipitation < potential evapotranspiration).