New York State's Dominant Biome: Temperate Deciduous Forest

The Forest That Covers Most of the Empire State

The primary biome across New York State is the **Temperate Deciduous Forest**.

Characteristics

• Dominant Trees: Oak, maple, hickory, beech, birch—broadleaf, shed leaves in autumn.
• Climate: Four distinct seasons; warm summers (20–25°C), cold winters (−5 to −15°C); 30–60 in (750–1,500 mm) annual precipitation.
• Wildlife: White-tailed deer, black bear, wild turkey, gray squirrel, red fox, numerous songbirds, amphibians.
• Soil: Fertile, humus-rich Alfisols/Inceptisols.

Exceptions

• Adirondacks/Catskills high peaks: **Boreal/Coniferous Forest** (spruce, fir, pine)
• Long Island coast: **Maritime Forest** / Pine Barrens
• Albany Pine Bush: Rare **inland pine barrens**

The deciduous forest defines the state's ecological identity, fall foliage tourism, and timber economy.