Capitals: Kazakhstan (Nur-Sultan) & Turkmenistan (Ashgabat)

• Kazakhstan: Nur-Sultan (renamed from Astana in 2019, reverted to Astana in 2022; currently Astana again as of Sept 2022).
• Turkmenistan: Ashgabat – white-marble capital, known for monuments and neutrality arch.

Note: Kazakhstan's capital name changed: Astana (1998–2019) → Nur-Sultan (2019–2022) → Astana (2022–present).