How did Montenegro and Albania became independent countries?

Montenegro and Albania gained their independence through different historical processes and circumstances:

Montenegro:

Montenegro has a long and complex history, stretching back to the Middle Ages. For centuries, it was under the control of various empires and kingdoms, including the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. However, Montenegro retained a strong sense of national identity and a desire for independence.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Montenegro played a significant role in the Balkan Wars, a series of conflicts that led to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of new nation-states in the region. Montenegro achieved de facto independence in 1878, following the Treaty of Berlin, which granted it international recognition. However, it was not until 1918, at the end of World War I, that Montenegro officially became a sovereign and independent state.

Albania:

Albania's struggle for independence also has deep historical roots. For much of its history, Albania was under the control of foreign powers, including the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. The Albanians, with their distinct language and culture, never lost their aspiration for independence and self-determination.

The Albanian national awakening movement gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, fueled by intellectuals and activists who sought to unite Albanians under a common national identity. In 1912, Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire, but its sovereignty was not immediately recognized by other countries. It was not until 1920, following the end of World War I and the Treaty of Tirana, that Albania was fully recognized as an independent nation.

The paths to independence for Montenegro and Albania were marked by wars, diplomatic negotiations, and political turmoil, but both nations ultimately achieved their goal of becoming sovereign and independent states.