Who Rules Monaco? Prince Albert II, Constitutional Monarchy

Monaco is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is Prince Albert II (since 2005), of the House of Grimaldi (ruling since 1297).

Government Structure

• Prince: Hereditary, executive power (appoints Minister of State, promulgates laws, represents abroad).
• Minister of State: Head of government (appointed by Prince from French civil servant candidates).
• National Council: 24-member unicameral legislature (elected 5-year terms, universal suffrage).
• Communal Council: 15-member city council (municipal affairs).

Key Facts

• Area: 2.08 km² (2nd smallest sovereign state).
• Population: ~39,000 (9,000 Monegasque citizens).
• Defense: France responsible.
• EU: Not member; uses euro; customs union with France; Schengen de facto.

The Grimaldi dynasty has ruled continuously (except 1793–1814 French Revolution) — one of the world's oldest monarchies.