Social Structure Contrasts: Russia vs. Western Europe

  • Stratification: Russia – high inequality, small elite, small middle class; Western Europe – more egalitarian, larger middle class.
  • Welfare: Russia – limited programs; Western Europe – comprehensive safety nets (health, education, unemployment).
  • Mobility: Russia – low, barriers by class/ethnicity/region; Western Europe – higher, education‑driven.
  • Values: Russia – collectivist, traditional; Western Europe – individualist, diverse.
  • Politics/Economy: Russia – centralized, concentrated power; Western Europe – democratic, diversified economies.
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