Sweden
Sweden ruled over Denmark during the Kalmar Union, a personal union between Denmark, Sweden, and Norway that existed from 1397 to 1523. Denmark was the dominant partner in the union, but Sweden gained increasing influence over time. In 1523, Sweden seceded from the union and became an independent kingdom.
Norway
Norway was also a part of the Kalmar Union, and it was ruled by Denmark from 1397 to 1814. Norway was a junior partner in the union, and it had less autonomy than Denmark. In 1814, Norway was ceded to Sweden as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.
England
England invaded Denmark in 1013 and 1015, and it briefly ruled over the country. In 1018, England and Denmark signed a peace treaty, and Denmark regained its independence.
Germany
Germany occupied Denmark during World War II from 1940 to 1945. The German occupation was a difficult time for Denmark, and the country suffered significant economic and social damage. Denmark was liberated by Allied forces in 1945.