Flood Risk in the Netherlands: One-Third Below Sea Level

Approximately one-third of the Netherlands' land area lies below sea level, protected by an extensive system of dikes, dams, dunes, and pumping stations. Without these defenses, this densely populated, economically vital region—including much of the Randstad (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht)—would be inundated. Climate change and land subsidence are increasing the challenge, driving massive ongoing investment in the Delta Works and Room for the River programs.