Low German, Low Saxon and Limburgish are closely related to Dutch and are mostly regarded as dialects of German, while most scholars consider Yiddish to be a separate language or a group of dialects of High German.
Additionally, there were several different languages spoken in the German Empire:
- Danish: spoken by the Danish minority in North Schleswig.
- Polish: spoken by the Polish minority in East Prussia and Upper Silesia.
- French: spoken by the French population in Alsace-Lorraine.
- Czech: spoken by the Czech minority in the Sudetenland and Bohemia.
- Kashubian: spoken in the eastern part of Pomerania by a minority of Kashubians.
- Romani: spoken by Romani communities throughout the country.
- Serbo-Croatian: spoken by migrants from the Balkans.