How was the new surge of nationalism evident in Europe late

The new surge of nationalism in Europe late in the 18th century was evident in various ways:

- Cultural and linguistic awakenings: Nationalism manifested through the revival of cultural traditions, languages, and identities. There was a growing interest in preserving and promoting local customs, folklore, literature, and music.

- Rise of national heroes and symbols: National movements centered around iconic figures from the past, who became symbols of national pride and unity. Monuments and statues were erected to honor these heroes, and their stories were celebrated in art, literature, and music.

- Political movements and revolutions: Nationalism became a driving force behind political activism. In many European countries, nationalist movements sought political autonomy or independence from foreign rule or from multi-ethnic empires. These movements led to revolutions and wars of independence, such as the French Revolution of 1789 and the subsequent Napoleonic Wars.

- Formation of nation-states: The new surge of nationalism contributed to the formation of nation-states, where political boundaries aligned more closely with ethnic, linguistic, and cultural identities. This process involved redrawing borders and creating states based on the principle of national self-determination.

- Economic protectionism: Nationalism also manifested in the form of economic policies that favored domestic industries and protected national markets from foreign competition. Tariffs and trade barriers were imposed to support local economies and promote national self-sufficiency.

- Cultural and intellectual movements: Nationalism found expression through cultural and intellectual movements, such as Romanticism and the Enlightenment. Romantic writers, artists, and philosophers celebrated national identity and heritage, and promoted the idea of national destiny. The Enlightenment emphasized reason, individual liberty, and the pursuit of progress, which aligned with nationalist aspirations for political and social change.

Overall, the new surge of nationalism in Europe late in the 18th century was evident through cultural, political, economic, and intellectual expressions that aimed to foster a sense of national pride, unity, and self-determination.