- Introduced Ostracism, a process by which citizens could vote to exile someone from the city for ten years.
- Divided citizens into ten tribes based on geography, rather than social class or wealth, increasing political equality.
- Created a Council of Five Hundred, or Boule, with fifty representatives from each tribe, which met daily and prepared legislation for the assembly.
- Established the law courts, or Heliaea, composed of citizen jurors selected by lot, which could hear appeals from the magistrates.
Athenian reforms under Pericles (461/0 BCE)
- Reduced the property qualification for holding office, expanding political participation to a wider segment of the population.
- Introduced pay for public service, allowing even poor citizens to participate in government.
- Strengthened the democratic character of the assembly by giving individual citizens more power and diminishing the influence of aristocratic factions.
