Italy's Government: From Monarchy to Republic (1946)

Italy has not always been a parliamentary republic.

• 1861–1946: Kingdom of Italy (constitutional monarchy). Kings: Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I, Victor Emmanuel III.
• 1922–1943: Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship (nominal monarchy persisted).
• 1943–1945: Italian Social Republic (Nazi puppet state in North) vs. Allied-backed Kingdom in South.
• June 2, 1946: Referendum abolishes monarchy; Republic proclaimed.
• 1948: Constitution enacted; parliamentary republic with President (ceremonial) & PM (executive).

Current system: Parliamentary republic since 1946.