How did Bismarck convince the small German states to join Prussia instead of Austria?

Bismarck employed various diplomatic and political tactics to convince the smaller German states to join Prussia instead of Austria in the process of German unification. Some key strategies he used include:

Realpolitik and Alliances: Bismarck pursued a policy of realpolitik, prioritizing practical political considerations over ideological or emotional factors. He forged alliances with some smaller German states, such as Anhalt, Lippe, and Waldeck, to secure their support and to isolate Austria.

Military Strength and Wars: Prussia's military strength and its victories in wars, including the Second Schleswig War (1864) and the Austro-Prussian War (1866), demonstrated Prussia's power and military superiority. This made the smaller states realize the benefits of aligning with a strong Prussia.

Economic Incentives: Bismarck offered economic incentives and favorable trade agreements to the smaller German states that joined Prussia. This helped to secure their economic interests and encouraged them to join the Prussian-led German customs union (Zollverein).

Nationalist Sentiment: Bismarck skillfully manipulated nationalist sentiment among the German population. By emphasizing the benefits of a unified Germany, the concept of a "greater Germany" resonated with many people in the smaller German states. This played a significant role in swaying public opinion and aligning their interests with Prussia.

Secret Agreements: Bismarck engaged in secret agreements with some smaller states, such as the Convention of Gastein (1865) with Austria and the secret treaties of alliance with the southern German states before the Austro-Prussian War. These agreements secured their support and ensured that they would back Prussia in case of war against Austria.

Political Persuasion and Diplomacy: Bismarck was a master diplomat and employed skillful negotiations, persuasion, and political maneuvering to convince the smaller states of the benefits of joining Prussia. He played upon their fears, interests, and ambitions to gain their support.

By effectively combining these tactics and leveraging Prussia's military strength and economic power, Bismarck gradually won over the smaller German states, leading to their inclusion in the newly established German Empire in 1871.