Why Mexican Independence Didn't Bring Immediate Peace

1. Political instability: Factional struggles, centralist vs. federalist conflicts, frequent government changes.
2. Deep social divisions: Elite vs. poor, regional rivalries.
3. Territorial disputes: Especially with the U.S., leading to war.
4. Economic ruin: War debts, disrupted trade, poor infrastructure.
5. Colonial legacy: Authoritarian structures persisted.
6. Foreign intervention: U.S., France, Spain meddled militarily.

Stability only emerged late 19th century under Porfirio Díaz.