Who lived in Colombia before the arrival of Spanish explorers?

Before the arrival of Spanish explorers in the late 15th century, Colombia was inhabited by various indigenous peoples. These groups generally belonged to one of two major linguistic families: the Chibchan or the Arawakan.

1. Chibchan-speaking peoples:

- Muiscas: Also known as the Chibchas, they were the most prominent and advanced civilization in the Colombian highlands (Altiplano Cundiboyacense). They established the powerful Muisca Confederation with a well-organized political and social structure centered around Bacatá (modern-day Bogotá).

- Tayronas: They inhabited the northern region of Colombia, particularly the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range. The Tayronas were known for their impressive stone cities, such as Ciudad Perdida (Lost City), built high in the mountains.

- Zenú: They settled in the Caribbean lowlands, primarily in the Sinú River Valley. The Zenú were renowned for their intricate goldworking skills, producing exquisite jewelry and ornaments.

2. Arawakan-speaking peoples:

- Taironas: The Taironas lived along the Caribbean coast and foothills of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. They were skilled builders, constructing impressive terraces and stone roads, as well as large ceremonial centers.

- Caquetíos: They inhabited the northeastern region of Colombia, in the areas surrounding the Guajira Peninsula. The Caquetíos had a seafaring culture and engaged in trade with other indigenous groups.

- Guahibos: Also known as the Sikuani, they lived in the eastern plains (Llanos Orientales) of Colombia. The Guahibos were a semi-nomadic people who practiced hunting and gathering.

In addition to these major groups, there were numerous other smaller indigenous tribes, each with its unique cultural practices, traditions, and languages. The arrival of the Spanish and the subsequent colonization had a profound impact on these indigenous societies, leading to significant changes in their way of life.