Monterrey, capital of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico, lies approximately 1,000 km (620 miles) from the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Mexico) in a straight line. The closest Gulf coast is near Tampico, Tamaulipas (~450 km southeast), but the direct line to the open Atlantic (east of the Yucatán Peninsula) is ~1,000 km. Actual travel distance by road (Highway 85/70 to Tampico, then coastal route) is ~550–600 km to the Gulf, and ~1,200+ km to the open Atlantic via the Yucatán Channel. Monterrey's inland location (500 m elevation, Sierra Madre Oriental) made it a historic landlocked commercial hub; rail and highway links to Gulf ports (Tampico, Altamira) are vital for its industrial exports.