- Mountains are large, elevated areas of land that rise steeply above the surrounding landscape.
- Hills are smaller, rounded elevations of land that are lower than mountains but higher than the surrounding land.
- Valleys are low areas of land that are surrounded by higher ground.
- Plains are large, flat areas of land that have little elevation change.
- Plateaus are large, elevated areas of land that are flat or gently rolling.
- Mesas are flat-topped mountains that have steep sides.
- Buttes are small, isolated hills that have steep sides.
- Canyons are deep, narrow valleys with steep sides.
- Fjords are long, narrow inlets of water that are surrounded by high cliffs.
- Glaciers are large bodies of ice that form on land and move slowly over time.
- Volcanoes are mountains that form when magma rises from the Earth's mantle and erupts onto the surface.