The Cascade Range stretches ~700 miles (1,100 km) from British Columbia, Canada to Northern California. Within the U.S., it spans:
A few foothills/volcanic features extend into far northwestern Nevada (e.g., near the Oregon border), but the main range is in the three states above.
The Cascades are a volcanic arc formed by subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under the North American Plate. They're part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
You're in Washington, Oregon, or California (or B.C.). The range forms the "Cascade Divide" — wet, green west slope; dry, sagebrush east slope (rain shadow).