1. Geothermal Activity: The Great Rift Valley is located along a zone of high geothermal activity where the Earth's crust is thin and the underlying mantle is closer to the surface. This tectonic setting favors the movement of hot magma and geothermal fluids to the surface, resulting in the formation of hot springs.
2. Fractures and Faults: The Great Rift Valley is characterized by a system of deep fractures and faults that provide pathways for the ascent of hot water and steam from deep underground reservoirs. These fractures and faults serve as channels for the discharge of geothermal fluids.
3. Hydrothermal Circulation: The circulation of groundwater through the fractured and faulted rocks of the Great Rift Valley promotes hydrothermal activity. As the groundwater comes into contact with hot rocks at depth, it is heated and charged with dissolved minerals. This hydrothermal fluid then rises to the surface and emerges as hot springs.
4. Presence of Magma Chambers: Beneath the Earth's surface in the Great Rift Valley, there are often magma chambers associated with volcanic activity. The heat from these magma chambers can be transferred to groundwater, contributing to the high temperatures observed in hot springs.
5. Volcanic Gases: In areas with volcanic activity, volcanic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are released. These gases can dissolve in groundwater and alter its chemical composition, contributing to the unique characteristics of hot springs.
The combination of these geological factors, including high geothermal activity, fractures and faults, hydrothermal circulation, and the presence of magma chambers, makes parts of the Great Rift Valley highly prospective for the occurrence of hot springs.
