England Did Not Establish All Thirteen Colonies—Multiple European Powers Did

The statement "England established the Thirteen Colonies" is incorrect. While England (later Great Britain) controlled all thirteen by the mid-18th century, they were founded by diverse entities:

• Virginia (1607) – Virginia Company of London (English joint-stock).
• Massachusetts (1620/1630) – Pilgrims (Plymouth) & Puritans (Mass Bay); English.
• New Hampshire (1623) – English grantees.
• Maryland (1634) – Calvert family (English Catholics).
• Connecticut (1636) – English Puritans from Mass Bay.
• Rhode Island (1636) – Roger Williams (English dissenter).
• Delaware (1638) – New Sweden Company (Swedish); later Dutch, then English.
• North Carolina (1653) – English settlers from Virginia.
• South Carolina (1663) – English Lords Proprietors.
• New York (1664) – New Netherland (Dutch) seized by England.
• New Jersey (1664) – Dutch/Swedish roots; granted to English proprietors.
• Pennsylvania (1681) – William Penn (English Quaker).
• Georgia (1733) – James Oglethorpe (English philanthropist).

So: 11 English/British foundations, 1 Swedish, 1 Dutch (NY), 1 mixed (NJ). All became British Crown colonies before independence.