How did the old city of Delhi change under British rule?

Under British rule, the old city of Delhi experienced several significant changes, both positive and negative, that transformed its physical, social, and economic landscapes. Here are some key changes that took place:

1. Urban Planning: The British introduced modern town planning concepts, leading to the creation of wide roads, parks, and the development of new neighbourhoods like Civil Lines and Karol Bagh.

2. Administrative Changes: The British established the Delhi Municipal Committee (DMC) in 1863 to oversee civic administration, sanitation, and public works within the old city.

3. Infrastructure Development: British rule brought improvements in infrastructure, including the construction of new roads, bridges, and canals. The city's water supply and sanitation systems were also modernized.

4. Commercialization and Trade: The colonial period witnessed increased commercialization and trade activities within the old city. Markets expanded, and new business establishments emerged, contributing to economic growth.

5. Deindustrialization: The British dismantled the Mughal-era cottage industries, leading to a decline in traditional crafts and artisanal production. Many artisans and craftsmen lost their livelihoods.

6. Segregation: British rule introduced the concept of segregation, leading to the creation of distinct residential areas based on religion and ethnicity. This resulted in the formation of segregated neighbourhoods, such as Hindu, Muslim, and Christian quarters.

7. Architecture: The British influence can be seen in the architectural style of many buildings constructed during this period, such as the Red Fort, Jama Masjid, and Feroz Shah Kotla. These structures blend Indian and European architectural elements.

8. Colonial Institutions: The British established various educational institutions, hospitals, and government buildings in the old city, shaping the city's intellectual, cultural, and political landscape.

9. Social Reforms: Colonial rule brought about social reforms, including the abolition of Sati, the suppression of female infanticide, and the improvement of women's education and rights.

In summary, British rule brought significant changes to the old city of Delhi, modernizing infrastructure, introducing administrative systems, and shaping its economic, social, and architectural landscapes. While some changes had positive impacts, such as improved infrastructure, others, like deindustrialization and segregation, had negative consequences for the city's traditional economy and social fabric.