Constitutional Changes:
1. Bill of Rights (1689): It established certain fundamental constitutional principles, including the rights of Parliament and the limitation of royal power.
2. Limits to Royal Power: The English monarch's powers were restricted. They were required to seek parliamentary approval for taxes and could not suspend or veto parliamentary laws.
3. Parliament's Supremacy: Parliament emerged as the supreme legislative authority in the country. The executive branch became accountable to Parliament, making England a constitutional monarchy.
Political Developments:
1. Two-Party System: The Whig and Tory political parties took shape, competing for power and influencing public policy. This laid the foundation for the modern two-party system in Britain.
2. Cabinet Government: The concept of a cabinet as the executive branch of the government responsible to the legislature emerged. The Prime Minister became the head of the cabinet.
3. Civil and Religious Toleration: The era saw an increase in religious tolerance, as nonconformist Protestants and some religious groups gained greater freedoms. However, full emancipation for Catholics and certain other groups would come later.
4. Influence on Other Revolutions: The Glorious Revolution inspired other democratic revolutions, including the American Revolution in the late 18th century.
Social and Economic Changes:
1. Economic Growth: England's economy experienced significant growth in the 18th century, boosted by the expansion of trade and the Industrial Revolution.
2. Wealth and Influence of the Middle Class: The commercial middle class gained wealth and political influence, shaping society and challenging the traditional dominance of the aristocracy.
3. Scientific Revolution: The scientific Revolution intensified during this period, leading to advancements in various fields, including physics and mathematics. Figures like Isaac Newton made important scientific contributions.
European and Global Impact:
1. Impact on European Monarchies: The Glorious Revolution showed European monarchs that their powers could be limited by representative institutions and constitutional agreements.
2. Increased British Power: With the rise of the British navy, the country consolidated its position as a global power. It acquired territories in North America, India, and the Caribbean.
3. Colonial Influence: The principles established during the Glorious Revolution influenced the development of colonial institutions in British colonies, contributing to democratic models in several parts of the world.
