Why London Became England's Chief Port Over Dover

London's dominance stemmed from geographic and economic advantages:

1. River Thames: Deep, navigable channel providing direct access to the North Sea and Atlantic, accommodating large vessels.
2. Sheltered harbor: Natural protection from storms, unlike Dover's exposed Channel location.
3. Trade networks: Became the central hub for imports/exports, attracting merchants.
4. Political/economic center: As capital, drew trade, royal court, and institutions.
5. Infrastructure investment: Centuries of building quays, warehouses, bridges, and customs systems.

Dover's proximity to Europe was offset by its lack of shelter, vulnerability to attack, and inferior hinterland connections.