Turbines require steady, controlled water flow at designed pressure for efficient electricity production. Spillway and intake design must deliver consistent flow without cavitation or vibration.
Water exerts hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces on the dam. Proper flow management through spillways, outlets, and drainage prevents overtopping, internal erosion (piping), and excessive pressure that could cause sliding, overturning, or cracking. Fluid flow analysis is critical for dam safety under all conditions (normal, flood, seismic).