Processes by Which Rivers Transport Material

Rivers move sediment through several mechanisms, depending on particle size and flow energy:

1. Hydraulic Action: Water pressure dislodges and lifts particles.
2. Abrasion: Sediment-laden water grinds the riverbed like sandpaper.
3. Attrition: Particles collide and break into smaller pieces.
4. Solution: Dissolved materials (e.g., salt, limestone) carried in water.
5. Suspension: Fine particles held in water column by turbulence.
6. Saltation: Sand/gravel bounce along the bed in short hops.
7. Traction: Boulders/cobbles roll/slide along the bed.