Yenisey River: Source to Mouth – Siberia's Mighty Artery

Discharge: ~19,600 m³/s (avg) – 620 km³/yr (largest Arctic river).
Basin: 2.58M km² (996,000 sq mi) – 7% of Russia's land.
Ice regime: Frozen Oct–May; spring breakup causes massive ice-jam floods.

The Yenisey (Yenisei) is the world's 5th-longest river (5,539 km / 3,445 mi) and the largest draining to the Arctic Ocean.

Course Summary

Segment	Location	Key Features
Source	Mongolia: Khangai Mountains	Confluence of Bii-Khem (Great Yenisey) & Ka-Khem (Little Yenisey) near Kyzyl, Tuva (Russia)
Upper	Tuva → Khakassia → Krasnoyarsk Krai	Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam (6,400 MW), Krasnoyarsk (1M pop.), Krasnoyarsk Dam
Middle	Krasnoyarsk → Yeniseysk → Turukhansk	Angara River (Lake Baikal outflow) joins at Strelka; vast taiga, permafrost begins
Lower	Turukhansk → Dudinka → Yenisey Gulf	Tributaries: Podkamennaya Tunguska, Lower Tunguska; widens to 50 km
Mouth	Kara Sea (Arctic Ocean)	Yenisey Gulf → estuary; tidal, ice-free 2–3 months/yr; port of Dudinka (Norilsk Nickel)

Indigenous: Ket, Evenki, Nenets, Dolgan—reindeer, fishing, hunting.
Industrial: Norilsk (Ni, Cu, Pd mining), hydroelectricity (Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarsk).
Biodiversity: Siberian sturgeon, taimen, Arctic cisco; migratory birds in delta.