What has allowed Nepal and Bhutan to remain somewhat sheltered from the outside world?

Nepal and Bhutan have indeed been able to maintain a degree of isolation and shelter from the outside world, owing to various historical, geographical, and political factors. Here's an explanation of why these two countries have been relatively sheltered:

1. Geographical Isolation:

- Mountainous Terrain: Both Nepal and Bhutan are situated in the Himalayas, which form a formidable natural barrier that has limited accessibility and communication with the outside world. The rugged mountains and treacherous passes made it challenging for outsiders to enter or influence these regions.

- Remote Locations: Nepal and Bhutan are landlocked countries, and their locations are away from major trade routes and commercial centers. This geographic remoteness hindered significant interactions and exchanges with other civilizations.

2. Political Isolation:

- Historical Isolationist Policies: Nepal and Bhutan adopted isolationist policies to maintain their independence and protect their unique cultures. For instance, Nepal's policy of isolation was enforced during the rule of the Rana dynasty in the 19th century, which strictly controlled foreign contact and trade. Bhutan also followed a similar isolationist policy until the mid-20th century.

3. Cultural and Religious Factors:

- Cultural Preservation: Nepal and Bhutan are deeply rooted in their respective cultural traditions and religious practices, which emphasize the preservation of their unique identities and customs. They sought to minimize foreign influences that might threaten their cultural integrity.

4. Limited International Exposure:

- Restrictive Travel Regulations: Until recent decades, Nepal and Bhutan had strict regulations on foreign travel, requiring special permits and visas. This limited the influx of outsiders and prevented large-scale tourism.

- Low Emigration Rates: Many citizens of Nepal and Bhutan chose to remain within their countries, reducing the dispersion of their populations and ideas to other parts of the world. This contributed to the preservation of their traditional lifestyles.

However, it's worth noting that in recent years, both countries have gradually opened up to the outside world, allowing for increased international trade, tourism, and cultural exchanges. This has exposed them to global influences and led to changes in their societies, economies, and political systems.