* Climate change: Climate change is causing the Earth's average temperature to rise, which is leading to changes in precipitation patterns and more frequent and severe droughts, heat waves, and wildfires. These changes can all damage forests and make them more vulnerable to other threats.
* Invasive species: Invasive species are non-native plants or animals that can outcompete native species for resources, such as food, water, and habitat. Invasive species can also spread diseases and pests that can damage forests.
* Pollution: Pollution from sources such as factories, power plants, and vehicles can release harmful chemicals into the air and water, which can damage forests and make them more vulnerable to other threats.
* Overgrazing: Overgrazing by livestock can damage forest vegetation and compact the soil, which can lead to erosion and loss of biodiversity.
* Wildfires: Wildfires can be a natural part of some forest ecosystems, but they can also be destructive and damage forests when they are too frequent or severe.
